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The earth, our home planet, is unique. It has provided an environment for the evolution of life and natural resources for its sustenance. Aplanet similar to the Earth in the Universe has not been found. Human beings have been exploring the earth's evolution since the time immemorial to understand the processes responsible for the generation of her resources, particularly hydrocarbons, minerals, etc. The ever-increasing demand of energy, minerals resources and safe drinking water for the burgeoning population is of great concern due to finiteness of natural resources. The forecast of Indian Monsoon system is still a big challenge. The issue of climate change associated with global warming leading to serious consequences such as rainfall variability, sea-level changes, glacial melting, frequency of cyclones and hurricanes, etc. needs to be addressed. In the recent past, the earth has been battered with frequent natural and man-made disasters like earthquakes, tsunami, floods, cyclones, droughts, landslides and environmental pollution, which threaten the very existence of our lives. The advances in Earth System Science, like multi-parametric imaging, full waveform inversion and climate forecasting using coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model, to name a few, have made positive impact for the betterment of society. However, more integrative investigations of the planet earth are needed to improve the quality of life with least adverse impact on the environment to achieve our goal of developing and sustaining a knowledge society. The 94 Indian Science Congress chose “ Planet Earth” as the to address vital issues closely related to our natural habitat.